Volume 26 - Número 3
EDITORIAL
After the Impact Factor, the DOI
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
Myocardial revascularization without cardiopulmonary bypass: historical background and thirty-year experience
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
Quality of valve prostheses. Are we treating our patients well in the Brazilian National Health System?
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
Terminal ischemic cardiomyopathy associated to stent extrusion to the aortic lumen
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Hidden renal dysfunction causes increased in-hospital mortality risk after coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Preoperative chronic renal dysfunction is an independent predictor of mortality in cardiac surgery. As normal range serum creatinine is not representative of normal renal function, we compared mortality rates, total hospital stay and post-surgical hospital stay for patients who underwent isolated coronary artery bypass surgery with serum creatinine < 1.5mg/dL as to their estimated creatinine clearance, normal or impaired.
METHODS: In 4,765 patients submitted to coronary artery bypass surgery between January/1996 and June/2004, the creatinine clearance was estimated by the Cockroft-Gault equation. Impaired renal function was considered as a creatinine clearance <60 mL/min/1.73m2 (chronic renal disease stage 3 - National Kidney Foundation-USA). In hospital mortality, total hospital stay, and post-surgical hospital stay were compared.
RESULTS: 4,688 patients had the required data, and 4,403 presented serum creatinine < 1.5mg/dL - 3,177 with creatinine clearance > 60mL/min (Group A), and 1,226 with <60mL/min (Group B). Group B patients had significantly higher total hospital stay and post-surgical hospital stay than those in Group A (respectively 2.85 and 1.79 more days - P<0.0001). Relative risk of in-hospital death was 2.09 to Group B (95%CI:1.54-2.84) when compared to Group A.
CONCLUSIONS: More than one quarter of the patients with serum creatinine <1.5mg/dL had creatinine clearance <60 mL/min. This expressive number of patients, that would not have their renal dysfunction detected by the serum creatinine parameter alone, had double the risk of death, longer total hospital stay and post-surgical hospital stay than the other patients with serum creatinine < 1.5mg/dL Keywords: Myocardial Revascularization; Hospital Mortality; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Risk Factors; Creatinine
METHODS: In 4,765 patients submitted to coronary artery bypass surgery between January/1996 and June/2004, the creatinine clearance was estimated by the Cockroft-Gault equation. Impaired renal function was considered as a creatinine clearance <60 mL/min/1.73m2 (chronic renal disease stage 3 - National Kidney Foundation-USA). In hospital mortality, total hospital stay, and post-surgical hospital stay were compared.
RESULTS: 4,688 patients had the required data, and 4,403 presented serum creatinine < 1.5mg/dL - 3,177 with creatinine clearance > 60mL/min (Group A), and 1,226 with <60mL/min (Group B). Group B patients had significantly higher total hospital stay and post-surgical hospital stay than those in Group A (respectively 2.85 and 1.79 more days - P<0.0001). Relative risk of in-hospital death was 2.09 to Group B (95%CI:1.54-2.84) when compared to Group A.
CONCLUSIONS: More than one quarter of the patients with serum creatinine <1.5mg/dL had creatinine clearance <60 mL/min. This expressive number of patients, that would not have their renal dysfunction detected by the serum creatinine parameter alone, had double the risk of death, longer total hospital stay and post-surgical hospital stay than the other patients with serum creatinine < 1.5mg/dL Keywords: Myocardial Revascularization; Hospital Mortality; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Risk Factors; Creatinine
Outcomes of patients subjected to aortic valve replacement surgery using mechanical or biological prostheses
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
OBJECTIVE: This paper evaluates outcomes in patients subjected to surgery for replacement of the aortic valve using biological or mechanical substitutes, where selection of the type of prosthesis is relevant.
METHODS: Three hundred and one patients, randomly selected, who had been subjected to aortic valve replacement surgery between 1990 and 2005, with a maximum follow-up period of 20 years.
RESULTS: Survival at 5, 10 and 15 years after surgery using mechanical substitute was 83.9%, 75.4% and 60.2% and, for biological substitute, was 89.3%, 70.4% and 58.4%, respectively (P=0.939). Factors associated with death were: age, obesity, pulmonary disease, arrhythmia, bleeding and aortic valve failure. Probability free of reoperation for these patients at 5, 10 and 15 years after surgery using mechanical substitute was 97.9%, 95.8% and 95.8% and, for those using bioprostheses, was 94.6%, 91.0% and 83.3%, respectively (P=0.057). Factors associated with reoperation were: renal failure, prosthesis endocarditis and age. Probability free of bleeding events at 5, 10 and 15 years after surgery using mechanical substitute was 94.5%, 91.7% and 91.7% and, for bioprostheses, was 98.6%, 97.8% and 97.8%, respectively (P=0.047). Factors associated with bleeding events were: renal failure and mechanical prostheses.
CONCLUSIONS: The authors have concluded that: 1) mortality was statistically similar in the groups; 2) patient characteristics at baseline were a major determinant of late mortality after surgery; 3) there was a tendency toward reoperation in the bioprostheses group; 4) patients using mechanical prosthesis had more bleeding events as time passed; 5) data presented in this paper is in accordance with current literature Keywords: Bioprosthesis; Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; Aortic Valve; Heart Valve Prosthesis
METHODS: Three hundred and one patients, randomly selected, who had been subjected to aortic valve replacement surgery between 1990 and 2005, with a maximum follow-up period of 20 years.
RESULTS: Survival at 5, 10 and 15 years after surgery using mechanical substitute was 83.9%, 75.4% and 60.2% and, for biological substitute, was 89.3%, 70.4% and 58.4%, respectively (P=0.939). Factors associated with death were: age, obesity, pulmonary disease, arrhythmia, bleeding and aortic valve failure. Probability free of reoperation for these patients at 5, 10 and 15 years after surgery using mechanical substitute was 97.9%, 95.8% and 95.8% and, for those using bioprostheses, was 94.6%, 91.0% and 83.3%, respectively (P=0.057). Factors associated with reoperation were: renal failure, prosthesis endocarditis and age. Probability free of bleeding events at 5, 10 and 15 years after surgery using mechanical substitute was 94.5%, 91.7% and 91.7% and, for bioprostheses, was 98.6%, 97.8% and 97.8%, respectively (P=0.047). Factors associated with bleeding events were: renal failure and mechanical prostheses.
CONCLUSIONS: The authors have concluded that: 1) mortality was statistically similar in the groups; 2) patient characteristics at baseline were a major determinant of late mortality after surgery; 3) there was a tendency toward reoperation in the bioprostheses group; 4) patients using mechanical prosthesis had more bleeding events as time passed; 5) data presented in this paper is in accordance with current literature Keywords: Bioprosthesis; Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; Aortic Valve; Heart Valve Prosthesis
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: results of the current development and implantation of a new Brazilian prosthesis
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
OBJECTIVE: Aortic valve replacement is a routine procedure with acceptable risk, but in some cases, such risk can justify contraindication. Minimally invasive transcatheter aortic valve implantation has emerged as an alternative, with lower morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was clinical, safety and efficacy assessment.
METHODS: Thirty-three high risk patients underwent transcatheter balloon expandable aortic valve implantation. Mean Logistic EuroScore risk was 39.30% and STS score 30.28%. Eight patients presented with dysfunctional bioprosthesis, remaining ones presented calcified aortic stenosis. Procedures were performed in a hybrid OR under fluoroscopic and echocardiography guidance. Using a left minithoracotomy the prosthesis were implanted trough the ventricular apex under rapid ventricular pacing or hemorrhagic shock. Echocardiographic and angiographic controls were performed.
RESULTS: Implant was feasible in 30 cases. Three conversions occured. There was only one case of operative death. Median transvalvular aortic gradient reduced from 43.58 mmHg to 10.54 mmHg. Left ventricular function improved in the first 7 postoperative days. Paravalvular aortic regurgitation was mild and present in 30.30%. One case presented major vascular complication and another one permanent pacemaker implant. One major stroke case occurred. Overall 30-day mortality was 18.18%.
CONCLUSION: The transapical implantation of catheter mounted bioprosthesis is a safe procedure with acceptable midterm results. Long term follow-up with increased sample power is mandatory in order to access hemodynamic, life quality and survival Keywords: Aortic valve; Cardiopulmonary bypass; Heart catheterization
METHODS: Thirty-three high risk patients underwent transcatheter balloon expandable aortic valve implantation. Mean Logistic EuroScore risk was 39.30% and STS score 30.28%. Eight patients presented with dysfunctional bioprosthesis, remaining ones presented calcified aortic stenosis. Procedures were performed in a hybrid OR under fluoroscopic and echocardiography guidance. Using a left minithoracotomy the prosthesis were implanted trough the ventricular apex under rapid ventricular pacing or hemorrhagic shock. Echocardiographic and angiographic controls were performed.
RESULTS: Implant was feasible in 30 cases. Three conversions occured. There was only one case of operative death. Median transvalvular aortic gradient reduced from 43.58 mmHg to 10.54 mmHg. Left ventricular function improved in the first 7 postoperative days. Paravalvular aortic regurgitation was mild and present in 30.30%. One case presented major vascular complication and another one permanent pacemaker implant. One major stroke case occurred. Overall 30-day mortality was 18.18%.
CONCLUSION: The transapical implantation of catheter mounted bioprosthesis is a safe procedure with acceptable midterm results. Long term follow-up with increased sample power is mandatory in order to access hemodynamic, life quality and survival Keywords: Aortic valve; Cardiopulmonary bypass; Heart catheterization
Transcatheter implantation of self-expandable valved prosthesis in outlet right ventricle an experimental study in pigs
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
INTRODUCTION: Patients with congenital heart disease who underwent pulmonary valvotomy or surgery to open the pulmonary valve ring are prone to develop residual pulmonary insufficiency or stenosis that may lead to right heart failure with clinical deterioration. These children require multiple interventions throughout their lives, which impose a high rate of morbidity and mortality.
OBJECTIVE: To develop a less invasive technique for implantation of a valved prosthesis through the right ventricle.
METHODS: The valved prosthesis consists of an auto expanding metal stent built with nitinol, surrounded with polyester, where the three leaflets of bovine pericardium were mounted. Twelve pigs were used to perform the implants. Echocardiographic control was performed immediately after implantation and one, four, eight and 12 weeks.
RESULTS: One animal showed reflux of moderate to severe and three mild reflux. Transvalvular gradients measured before implantation ranged from 3 to 6 mmHg and that soon after the implant was increased, ranging from 7 to 45 mmHg. There was a decrease in these gradients during follow up and in only four of the twelve animals the gradients were above 20 mmHg. Thrombus formation occurred in the prosthesis of six animals, and this was the most frequent complication.
CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the need for studies with the use of anticoagulants and antiplatelet, an attempt to reduce this event. The study aims to contribute for the start of the use of prosthetic heart valves that could be implanted through minimally invasive techniques without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass Keywords: Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency; Pulmonary Surgical Procedures; Pulmonary Valve Stenosis
OBJECTIVE: To develop a less invasive technique for implantation of a valved prosthesis through the right ventricle.
METHODS: The valved prosthesis consists of an auto expanding metal stent built with nitinol, surrounded with polyester, where the three leaflets of bovine pericardium were mounted. Twelve pigs were used to perform the implants. Echocardiographic control was performed immediately after implantation and one, four, eight and 12 weeks.
RESULTS: One animal showed reflux of moderate to severe and three mild reflux. Transvalvular gradients measured before implantation ranged from 3 to 6 mmHg and that soon after the implant was increased, ranging from 7 to 45 mmHg. There was a decrease in these gradients during follow up and in only four of the twelve animals the gradients were above 20 mmHg. Thrombus formation occurred in the prosthesis of six animals, and this was the most frequent complication.
CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the need for studies with the use of anticoagulants and antiplatelet, an attempt to reduce this event. The study aims to contribute for the start of the use of prosthetic heart valves that could be implanted through minimally invasive techniques without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass Keywords: Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency; Pulmonary Surgical Procedures; Pulmonary Valve Stenosis
Influence of respiratory muscle strength in evolution of patients with heart failure after cardiac surgery
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of preoperative respiratory muscle strength in postoperative pulmonary complications in patients with heart failure undergoing cardiac surgery.
METHODS: From March 2009 to September 2010, 40 patients admitted to the cardiology service of the Fundação de Beneficência Hospital de Cirurgia were divided into two groups according to the values of maximal inspiratory pressure measured by manometer: Group A (n = 21), composed of patients with normal respiratory muscle strength, and Group B (n = 19), patients with reduced strength. After pre-operative evaluation, all patients underwent the surgical procedure and followed until hospital discharge by the same researcher, who recorded on data collection especially its evolution for the presence of pulmonary complications after surgery, which was divided general and specific.
RESULTS: 19% of patients in group A and 31.6% of patients in group B had pulmonary complications overall, this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.29). Regarding the presence of specific complications, group A was 14.3% and 10.5% group B (P = 0.55). There was also no difference in the days of ICU stay and total (ICU + ward) between groups.
CONCLUSION: In this study, preoperative respiratory muscle dysfunction does not seem to influence the evolution of heart failure patients for the presence of pulmonary complications after cardiac surgery Keywords: Heart Failure; Muscle Strength; Respiratory Muscles; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Postoperative Complications
METHODS: From March 2009 to September 2010, 40 patients admitted to the cardiology service of the Fundação de Beneficência Hospital de Cirurgia were divided into two groups according to the values of maximal inspiratory pressure measured by manometer: Group A (n = 21), composed of patients with normal respiratory muscle strength, and Group B (n = 19), patients with reduced strength. After pre-operative evaluation, all patients underwent the surgical procedure and followed until hospital discharge by the same researcher, who recorded on data collection especially its evolution for the presence of pulmonary complications after surgery, which was divided general and specific.
RESULTS: 19% of patients in group A and 31.6% of patients in group B had pulmonary complications overall, this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.29). Regarding the presence of specific complications, group A was 14.3% and 10.5% group B (P = 0.55). There was also no difference in the days of ICU stay and total (ICU + ward) between groups.
CONCLUSION: In this study, preoperative respiratory muscle dysfunction does not seem to influence the evolution of heart failure patients for the presence of pulmonary complications after cardiac surgery Keywords: Heart Failure; Muscle Strength; Respiratory Muscles; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Postoperative Complications
Atrioventricular block in the postoperative period of heart valve surgery: incidence, risk factors and hospital evolution
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
INTRODUCTION: Disturbances of the cardiac conduction system are potential complications after cardiac valve surgery.
OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to investigate the association between perioperative factors and atrio-ventricular block, the need for temporary cardiac artificial pacing and, if necessary, permanent pacemaker implantation after cardiac valve surgery.
METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the Cardiac Surgery Database - Hospital São Lucas/PUCRS. The data are collected prospectively and analyzed retrospectively.
RESULTS: Between January 1996 and December 2008 were included 1102 valve surgical procedures: 718 aortic valves (65.2%), 407 (36.9%) mitral valve and 190 (17.2%) coronar artery bypass grafting combined with valve repair and 23 (2.1%) aortic and mitral combined surgery. 187 patients (17%) showed clinical and electrocardiographic pattern of atrio-ventricular block requiring artificial temporary pacing. Of these, 14 patients (7.5%) required permanent pacemaker implantation (1.27% of the total valve surgery patients). Multivariate analysis showed association of the incidence of atrio-ventricular block and temporary pacing with mitral valve surgery (OR 1,76; CI 95% 1.08-2.37; P=0.002), implantation of bioprosthetic devices (OR 1.59; CI 95% 1.02-3.91; P=0,039), age over 60 years (OR 1.99; CI 95% 1.352.85; P<0.001), prior use of anti-arrhythmic drugs (OR 1.86; CI 95% 1.04-3.14; P=0.026) and previous use of b-blocker (OR 1.76; CI 95% 1.25-2.54; P=0.002). Remarkably the presence of atrio-ventricular block did not significantly show association with increased mortality, but significantly prolonged (P<0.0001) hospital length-of-stay and, therefore, hospital costs.
CONCLUSIONS: Our study presents a group of predictive factors referring to a specific patient profile by which high risk of atrio-ventricular block and the need of temporary cardiac pacing after cardiac valve surgery it is determined Keywords: Atrioventricular block; Pacemaker, artificial; Cardiovascular surgical procedures; Heart valves; Postoperative complications
OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to investigate the association between perioperative factors and atrio-ventricular block, the need for temporary cardiac artificial pacing and, if necessary, permanent pacemaker implantation after cardiac valve surgery.
METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the Cardiac Surgery Database - Hospital São Lucas/PUCRS. The data are collected prospectively and analyzed retrospectively.
RESULTS: Between January 1996 and December 2008 were included 1102 valve surgical procedures: 718 aortic valves (65.2%), 407 (36.9%) mitral valve and 190 (17.2%) coronar artery bypass grafting combined with valve repair and 23 (2.1%) aortic and mitral combined surgery. 187 patients (17%) showed clinical and electrocardiographic pattern of atrio-ventricular block requiring artificial temporary pacing. Of these, 14 patients (7.5%) required permanent pacemaker implantation (1.27% of the total valve surgery patients). Multivariate analysis showed association of the incidence of atrio-ventricular block and temporary pacing with mitral valve surgery (OR 1,76; CI 95% 1.08-2.37; P=0.002), implantation of bioprosthetic devices (OR 1.59; CI 95% 1.02-3.91; P=0,039), age over 60 years (OR 1.99; CI 95% 1.352.85; P<0.001), prior use of anti-arrhythmic drugs (OR 1.86; CI 95% 1.04-3.14; P=0.026) and previous use of b-blocker (OR 1.76; CI 95% 1.25-2.54; P=0.002). Remarkably the presence of atrio-ventricular block did not significantly show association with increased mortality, but significantly prolonged (P<0.0001) hospital length-of-stay and, therefore, hospital costs.
CONCLUSIONS: Our study presents a group of predictive factors referring to a specific patient profile by which high risk of atrio-ventricular block and the need of temporary cardiac pacing after cardiac valve surgery it is determined Keywords: Atrioventricular block; Pacemaker, artificial; Cardiovascular surgical procedures; Heart valves; Postoperative complications
The use of inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme and its relation to events in the postoperative period of CABG
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
BACKGROUND: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors reduce the chance of death, myocardial infarction (MI) and cerebrovascular accident (CVA) in patients with coronary disease. However there is no consensus as to its indication in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).
OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between preoperative use of ACE inhibitors and clinical outcomes after CABG.
METHODS: Retrospective cohort study. We included data from 3,139 consecutive patients undergoing isolated CABG in Brazilian tertiary care hospital between January 1996 and December 2009. Follow-up was until discharge or death. Clinical outcomes after surgery were analyzed between users and nonusers of ACE inhibitors preoperatively.
RESULTS: Fifty-two percent (n=1,635) of patients received ACE inhibitors preoperatively. The use of ACE inhibitors was an independent predictor of need for inotropic support (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.47, P = 0.01), acute renal failure (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.73, P = 0.04) and progression to atrial fibrillation (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.7, P = 0.03) postoperatively. The mortality rate among patients receiving or not preoperative ACE inhibitors was similar (10.3% vs. 9.4%, P = 0.436), as well as the incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke (15.6% vs. 15.0%, P = 0.694 and 3.4% vs. 3.5%, P = 0.963, respectively).
CONCLUSION: The use of preoperative ACE inhibitors was associated with increased need for inotropic support and higher incidence of acute renal failure and postoperative atrial fibrillation, not associated with increased rates of myocardial infarction, stroke or death Keywords: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; Myocardial revascularization; Coronary disease; Coronary artery bypass
OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between preoperative use of ACE inhibitors and clinical outcomes after CABG.
METHODS: Retrospective cohort study. We included data from 3,139 consecutive patients undergoing isolated CABG in Brazilian tertiary care hospital between January 1996 and December 2009. Follow-up was until discharge or death. Clinical outcomes after surgery were analyzed between users and nonusers of ACE inhibitors preoperatively.
RESULTS: Fifty-two percent (n=1,635) of patients received ACE inhibitors preoperatively. The use of ACE inhibitors was an independent predictor of need for inotropic support (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.47, P = 0.01), acute renal failure (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.73, P = 0.04) and progression to atrial fibrillation (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.7, P = 0.03) postoperatively. The mortality rate among patients receiving or not preoperative ACE inhibitors was similar (10.3% vs. 9.4%, P = 0.436), as well as the incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke (15.6% vs. 15.0%, P = 0.694 and 3.4% vs. 3.5%, P = 0.963, respectively).
CONCLUSION: The use of preoperative ACE inhibitors was associated with increased need for inotropic support and higher incidence of acute renal failure and postoperative atrial fibrillation, not associated with increased rates of myocardial infarction, stroke or death Keywords: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; Myocardial revascularization; Coronary disease; Coronary artery bypass
Long-term evolution of mitral commissurotomy in rheumatic patients with low echocardiographic score
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
INTRODUCTION: The good results of open mitral commissurotomy are well known and there is a hypothesis that it could provide better results in patients selected by echocardiographic score.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to analyze the late results with open mitral commissurotomy in patients selected by score and to identify variables influencing these results.
METHODS: From January 1990 to August 1994, 50 patients were submitted to open mitral commissurotomy due to rheumatic mitral stenosis in Heart Institute of University of Sao Paulo Medical School. Patients with age < 60 years, in functional class II, III or IV (New York Heart Association) and echocardiographic score 9 were included. The mean age was 32.7 ± 8.3 years and 41 patients (82%) were female. The functional class was II in three patients (6%), III in 46 (92%) and IV in one (2%). Forty six patients (92%) were in sinus rhythm and four (8%) were in atrial fibrillation. The mean mitral valve area was 0.9 ± 0.2 cm2.
RESULTS: There was no hospital mortality. There were two late deaths, one related to valve disease. Actuarial survival was 95.5 ± 3.1 %, freedom from reoperation was 62.3 ± 11,8% and freedom from tromboembolism was 88,2 ± 5,0% in 18 years. There was no endocarditis. The grade of the echocardiographic score had no significant influence on the reoperations in late evolution.
CONCLUSION: Open mitral commissurotomy presented excelent long term results in rheumatic patients with low echocardiographic score Keywords: Rheumatic Heart Disease; Mitral Valve Stenosis; Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to analyze the late results with open mitral commissurotomy in patients selected by score and to identify variables influencing these results.
METHODS: From January 1990 to August 1994, 50 patients were submitted to open mitral commissurotomy due to rheumatic mitral stenosis in Heart Institute of University of Sao Paulo Medical School. Patients with age < 60 years, in functional class II, III or IV (New York Heart Association) and echocardiographic score 9 were included. The mean age was 32.7 ± 8.3 years and 41 patients (82%) were female. The functional class was II in three patients (6%), III in 46 (92%) and IV in one (2%). Forty six patients (92%) were in sinus rhythm and four (8%) were in atrial fibrillation. The mean mitral valve area was 0.9 ± 0.2 cm2.
RESULTS: There was no hospital mortality. There were two late deaths, one related to valve disease. Actuarial survival was 95.5 ± 3.1 %, freedom from reoperation was 62.3 ± 11,8% and freedom from tromboembolism was 88,2 ± 5,0% in 18 years. There was no endocarditis. The grade of the echocardiographic score had no significant influence on the reoperations in late evolution.
CONCLUSION: Open mitral commissurotomy presented excelent long term results in rheumatic patients with low echocardiographic score Keywords: Rheumatic Heart Disease; Mitral Valve Stenosis; Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures
Parents' knowledge of infective endocarditis in children with congenital heart disease
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
INTRODUCTION: The guidelines to prophylaxis of infectious endocarditis changed, but many congenital heart diseases continue to be considered as high risk for the development of the disease.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the knowledge of parents or guardians of children and adolescents with congenital heart disease seen at a referral center in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil on infective endocarditis and its prevention.
METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 90 patients with congenital heart defects in regular outpatient treatment. The parents' knowledge was assessed using a specific questionnaire and other data were obtained through medical records.
RESULTS: The median age of patients was 5.6 years (3 months -14 years), being 57,7% males. The median follow-up time in service was 3.49 years (1.20-7.38). The years of formal schooling of the parents had a mean of 7.67 ± 3.25 years. According to the score previously established, the knowledge of the interviewed parents was considered satisfactory in 37.7%, regular in 33.3% and unsatisfying in 28,8%. There was significant correlation between the index of parents' knowledge and monitoring of children at service (r=0.584; P=0.796). There was no correlation between parents' education and knowledge of them (r=0.028; P=0.796).
CONCLUSION: The parents' knowledge about endocarditis and its prevention was inadequate, requiring greater attention to the orientations passed in consultations Keywords: Primary Prevention; Endocarditis; Knowledge
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the knowledge of parents or guardians of children and adolescents with congenital heart disease seen at a referral center in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil on infective endocarditis and its prevention.
METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 90 patients with congenital heart defects in regular outpatient treatment. The parents' knowledge was assessed using a specific questionnaire and other data were obtained through medical records.
RESULTS: The median age of patients was 5.6 years (3 months -14 years), being 57,7% males. The median follow-up time in service was 3.49 years (1.20-7.38). The years of formal schooling of the parents had a mean of 7.67 ± 3.25 years. According to the score previously established, the knowledge of the interviewed parents was considered satisfactory in 37.7%, regular in 33.3% and unsatisfying in 28,8%. There was significant correlation between the index of parents' knowledge and monitoring of children at service (r=0.584; P=0.796). There was no correlation between parents' education and knowledge of them (r=0.028; P=0.796).
CONCLUSION: The parents' knowledge about endocarditis and its prevention was inadequate, requiring greater attention to the orientations passed in consultations Keywords: Primary Prevention; Endocarditis; Knowledge
Decellularization as an anticalcification method in stentless bovine pericardium valve prosthesis: a study in sheep
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
OBJECTIVE: The objective was to analyze the decellularization process with SDS in glutaraldehyde-preserved bovine pericardium as an anticalcification method in a circulatory sheep model.
METHODS: The valved tubs were implanted in pulmonary artery position in sheep by 180 days. The animals were divided in two groups of 8 animals: control group glutaraldehyde-preserved bovine pericardium and the study group - decellularized bovine pericardium with 0,1% SDS and glutaraldehyde-preserved. After explantation the tubs were analized by x-ray macroscopy, hematoxilin-eosin, alizarin-red and Russel-Movatz pentacromic histology. The calcium content was measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.
RESULTS: There was no early mortality, but two animals in each group died during the study. All cusps in the control group were severely calcified and in some points in the conduits, while the decellularized group did not show macroscopic calcification. Data were proved by x-ray and histologycal exams. The matrix was preserved in histologycal analysis in decellularized group, without gross calcification. The wall conduits calcium content was 35,25±42,13 µg/mg in the control group versus 15,75±10,44 µg/mg in the decellularized one: in the cusps was 264,4±126,16 µg/mg in control group versus 94,29±27,05 µg/mg in decellularized group (P=0,009).
CONCLUSION: The decellularization with 0.1% SDS was effective as an anticalcification method in bovine pericardial grafts implanted in a sheep circulatory model for 180 days Keywords: Pericardium; Bioprosthesis; Tissue engineering; Transplantation, heterologous
METHODS: The valved tubs were implanted in pulmonary artery position in sheep by 180 days. The animals were divided in two groups of 8 animals: control group glutaraldehyde-preserved bovine pericardium and the study group - decellularized bovine pericardium with 0,1% SDS and glutaraldehyde-preserved. After explantation the tubs were analized by x-ray macroscopy, hematoxilin-eosin, alizarin-red and Russel-Movatz pentacromic histology. The calcium content was measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.
RESULTS: There was no early mortality, but two animals in each group died during the study. All cusps in the control group were severely calcified and in some points in the conduits, while the decellularized group did not show macroscopic calcification. Data were proved by x-ray and histologycal exams. The matrix was preserved in histologycal analysis in decellularized group, without gross calcification. The wall conduits calcium content was 35,25±42,13 µg/mg in the control group versus 15,75±10,44 µg/mg in the decellularized one: in the cusps was 264,4±126,16 µg/mg in control group versus 94,29±27,05 µg/mg in decellularized group (P=0,009).
CONCLUSION: The decellularization with 0.1% SDS was effective as an anticalcification method in bovine pericardial grafts implanted in a sheep circulatory model for 180 days Keywords: Pericardium; Bioprosthesis; Tissue engineering; Transplantation, heterologous
Adiponectin expression in epicardial adipose tissue after percutaneous coronary intervention with bare-metal stent
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
BACKGROUND: The classical view of adipose tissue as a passive reservoir for energy storage is no longer valid. In the past decade, adipose tissue has been shown to have endocrine functions and the most abundant peptide secreted by adipocytes is adiponectin. Pericardial adipose tissue (PAT) is distributed around coronary arteries and endovascular injury, caused by the presence of intracoronary bare-metal stent (BMS), could promote inflammatory changes in the periadvential fat, contributing to vascular restenosis.
OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine gene expression of inflammatory mediator in pericardial adipose tissue after bare-metal stent implantation and vascular restenosis that had been referred to operative treatment.
METHODS: Paired samples of PAT were harvested at the time of elective coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) in 11 patients (n=22), one sample was obtained of the tissue around BMS area and another sample around coronary artery without stent. Local expression of adiponectin was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using Taq DNA polymerase.
RESULTS: In two samples, there was no gene expression of adiponectin. We are able to identify adiponectin in 20 samples, however, the pattern of gene expression were heterogeneous.We did not notice specificity when we compared PAT obtained near BMS area or far from BMS area.
CONCLUSION: There were no correlation between adiponectin gene expression and presence of BMS Keywords: Adiponectin; Coronary restenosis; Angioplasty, transluminal, percutaneous coronary
OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine gene expression of inflammatory mediator in pericardial adipose tissue after bare-metal stent implantation and vascular restenosis that had been referred to operative treatment.
METHODS: Paired samples of PAT were harvested at the time of elective coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) in 11 patients (n=22), one sample was obtained of the tissue around BMS area and another sample around coronary artery without stent. Local expression of adiponectin was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using Taq DNA polymerase.
RESULTS: In two samples, there was no gene expression of adiponectin. We are able to identify adiponectin in 20 samples, however, the pattern of gene expression were heterogeneous.We did not notice specificity when we compared PAT obtained near BMS area or far from BMS area.
CONCLUSION: There were no correlation between adiponectin gene expression and presence of BMS Keywords: Adiponectin; Coronary restenosis; Angioplasty, transluminal, percutaneous coronary
Pantoprazole provides myocardial protection similar to ischemic preconditioning: experimental study of isolated hearts of rats
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate pantoprazole effect in the functional recovery of isolated hearts of rats, submitted to ischemia and reperfusion with and without ischemic preconditioning.
METHODS: In four groups of eight Wistar breed rats, the hearts were removed after anesthesia and perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution (95% O2, 5% CO2, 37ºC). GI, GII, GIII and GIV hearts were submitted to ischemia (20 min) and reperfusion (30 min). In GII and GIV, preconditioning was performed with 5 min of ischemia and 5 min of reperfusion before 20 min of the ischemia period induction. In GIII and GIV pantoprazole 100 mg was done before a 20 min-period of ischemia induction. Heart Rate (HR), Coronary Flow (CoF), Systolic Pressure (SP), +dP/dt and -dP/dt were registered before (t0) and after reperfusion (t30). Kruskal-Wallis (P<0.05) test was used.
RESULTS: There were no differences (P>0.05) between groups among HR and CoF values. Differences occurred between groups, I and II, III and IV at t30 with SP reduced for 32% mean value in GI, 65% GII, 65% GIII, and 73% GIV; The t30 + dP/dtmax were 34% in GI, 61% GII, 63% GIII and 72% GIV. The t30 -dP/dtmax were GI 28%, GII 63%, GIII 75 % and GIV 75%; (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the SP, +dP/dtmax, and -dP/dtmax between Groups II, III and IV results.
CONCLUSIONS: The administration of pantoprazole before induction of ischemia significantly protected the myocardial functional recovery with the results of SP, + dP / dtmax and dP/dtmax similar to the ischemic preconditioning against ischemia-reperfusion Keywords: Ischemic preconditioning; Myocardium; Myocardial ischemia; Myocardial infarction
METHODS: In four groups of eight Wistar breed rats, the hearts were removed after anesthesia and perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution (95% O2, 5% CO2, 37ºC). GI, GII, GIII and GIV hearts were submitted to ischemia (20 min) and reperfusion (30 min). In GII and GIV, preconditioning was performed with 5 min of ischemia and 5 min of reperfusion before 20 min of the ischemia period induction. In GIII and GIV pantoprazole 100 mg was done before a 20 min-period of ischemia induction. Heart Rate (HR), Coronary Flow (CoF), Systolic Pressure (SP), +dP/dt and -dP/dt were registered before (t0) and after reperfusion (t30). Kruskal-Wallis (P<0.05) test was used.
RESULTS: There were no differences (P>0.05) between groups among HR and CoF values. Differences occurred between groups, I and II, III and IV at t30 with SP reduced for 32% mean value in GI, 65% GII, 65% GIII, and 73% GIV; The t30 + dP/dtmax were 34% in GI, 61% GII, 63% GIII and 72% GIV. The t30 -dP/dtmax were GI 28%, GII 63%, GIII 75 % and GIV 75%; (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the SP, +dP/dtmax, and -dP/dtmax between Groups II, III and IV results.
CONCLUSIONS: The administration of pantoprazole before induction of ischemia significantly protected the myocardial functional recovery with the results of SP, + dP / dtmax and dP/dtmax similar to the ischemic preconditioning against ischemia-reperfusion Keywords: Ischemic preconditioning; Myocardium; Myocardial ischemia; Myocardial infarction
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Validation of MagedanzSCORE as a predictor of mediastinitis after coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the applicability of a new score for predicting mediastinitis - MagedanzSCORE - in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery in the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco - PROCAPE.
METHODS: Retrospective study involving 500 patients operated between May/2007 and April/2010. The registers contained all the information used to calculate the MagedanzSCORE. The outcome of interest was mediastinitis. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, concordance and accuracy. The accuracy of the model was evaluated by ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve.
RESULTS: The incidence of mediastinitis was 5.6%, with a lethality rate of 32.1%. In univariate analysis, the five variables of the MagedanzSCORE were predictors of postoperative mediastinitis: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 6.42; 95.0% CI 2.76-14.96; P<0.001), obesity (OR 3.06; 95.0% CI 1.32-7.09; P=0.009), surgical reintervention (OR 82.40; 95.0% CI 30.40-223.30; P<0.001), multiple transfusion (OR 3.33; 95.0% CI 1.52-7.29; P=0.003) and stable angina class IV or unstable (OR 2.59; 95.0% CI 1.19-7.64; P=0.016) according to Canadian Cardiovascular Society. The score had a sensitivity of 96.4%, specificity of 90.0%, positive predictive value of 36.5%, negative predictive value of 99.8% and 90.4% concordance. The accuracy measured by the area under the ROC curve was 96.2% (95.0% CI 94.5%-97.9%).
CONCLUSIONS: The MagedanzSCORE proved to be a simple and objective index, revealing a satisfactory predictor of development of postoperative mediastinitis in patients undergoing CABG surgery at our institution Keywords: Risk factors; Mediastinitis; Coronary artery bypass; Myocardial revascularization
METHODS: Retrospective study involving 500 patients operated between May/2007 and April/2010. The registers contained all the information used to calculate the MagedanzSCORE. The outcome of interest was mediastinitis. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, concordance and accuracy. The accuracy of the model was evaluated by ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve.
RESULTS: The incidence of mediastinitis was 5.6%, with a lethality rate of 32.1%. In univariate analysis, the five variables of the MagedanzSCORE were predictors of postoperative mediastinitis: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 6.42; 95.0% CI 2.76-14.96; P<0.001), obesity (OR 3.06; 95.0% CI 1.32-7.09; P=0.009), surgical reintervention (OR 82.40; 95.0% CI 30.40-223.30; P<0.001), multiple transfusion (OR 3.33; 95.0% CI 1.52-7.29; P=0.003) and stable angina class IV or unstable (OR 2.59; 95.0% CI 1.19-7.64; P=0.016) according to Canadian Cardiovascular Society. The score had a sensitivity of 96.4%, specificity of 90.0%, positive predictive value of 36.5%, negative predictive value of 99.8% and 90.4% concordance. The accuracy measured by the area under the ROC curve was 96.2% (95.0% CI 94.5%-97.9%).
CONCLUSIONS: The MagedanzSCORE proved to be a simple and objective index, revealing a satisfactory predictor of development of postoperative mediastinitis in patients undergoing CABG surgery at our institution Keywords: Risk factors; Mediastinitis; Coronary artery bypass; Myocardial revascularization
Transforming growth factor-ß/Smad signaling function in the aortopathies
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
OBJECTIVES: Transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß/Smad signaling pathway in aortic dissection patients and normal subjects has not been previously described. The present study was designed to evaluate the TGF-ß/Smad signaling expressions in the patients with acute type A aortic dissection in comparison with those in the patients with thoracic aortic aneurysm and with coronary artery disease, and (or) the healthy subjects.
METHODS: Consecutive surgical patients for acute type A aortic dissection (20 patients), aortic aneurysm (nine patients) or coronary artery disease (20 patients) were selected into this study. Blood samples (4 ml) were obtained from the right radial arterial indwelling catheter after systemic heparinization prior to the start of cardiopulmonary bypass in the operating room. Twenty-one young healthy volunteers without underlying health issues who donated forearm venous blood samples (4 ml) were taken as control. The surgical specimens of the aortic tissues were obtained immediately after they were severed during the operations of the replacement of the aorta in the patients with aortic dissection or aortic aneurysm. In patients receiving coronary artery bypass grafting, the tiny aortic tissues were taken when the punch holes of the proximal anastomosis on the anterior wall of the ascending aorta were made. The aortic tissues were for RNA, protein, or supernatant preparations until detection of TGF-ß1 mRNA by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, of TGF-ß1, TGF-ß receptor I, Smad2/3, Smad4 and Smad7 by Western blot, and of TGF-ß1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. In particular, the linear correlations of the relative grayscales between different proteins of each group, and those correlations between the quantitative TGF-ß1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the time interval from the onset to surgery or the maximal dimensions of the aorta of the aortic dissection group were assessed.
RESULTS: Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that TGF-ß1 mRNA were upregulated in all surgical groups (1.59 ± 0.33 vs. 1.45 ± 0.34 vs. 1.48 ± 0.48, P > 0.05). Western blot revealed that the expressions of TGF-ß1, TGF-ß receptor I, Smad2/3, Smad4 and Smad7 were positive in the aortic tissues of all three investigated groups. Of the quantitative relative grayscales, a significant reverse correlation was noted between TGF-ß1 and Smad2/3 (Y = -0.8552X + 1.6417, r = -0.759, P < 0.0001), and a close direct correlation between Smad4 and Smad7 (Y = 0.5905X + 0.2805, r = 0.781, P < 0.0001) in the Aortic Dissection Group. In the Aortic Aneurysm Group, Smad4 and Smad7 were also closely correlated (Y = 0.5228X + 0.1642, r = 0.727, P = 0.026), and in the Coronary Artery Disease Group, TGF-ß1 and Smad7 were much significantly correlated (Y = 0.5301X + 0.5758, r = 0.917, P = 0.004). By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, TGF-ß1 level of the aortic tissue was lower in the aortic dissection than in the aortic aneurysm and coronary artery disease groups with no statistical significance (319.52 ± 129.21 pg/mg protein vs. 324.09 ± 49.70 pg/mg protein vs. 304.15 ± 29.39 pg/mg protein, P > 0.05). The plasma TGF-ß1 levels were 1158.30 ± 11.54 pg/ ml, 1170.27 ± 8.26 pg/ml, 1225.00 ± 174.42 pg/mL and 1160.25 ± 13.01 pg/mL in the four groups, respectively, showing significant intergroup differences (P < 0.05). No significant correlation was found between the aortic or plasma TGF-ß1 levels and the time interval from the onset to surgery or the maximal dimensions of the aorta in the patients of the aortic dissection group.
CONCLUSIONS: Aortic dissection, aortic aneurysm and atheroslerosis might be associated with an enhanced TGF ß/Smad signaling function, wit Keywords: Aorta; Aorta, Thoracic; Smad Proteins; Transforming Growth Factor beta1
METHODS: Consecutive surgical patients for acute type A aortic dissection (20 patients), aortic aneurysm (nine patients) or coronary artery disease (20 patients) were selected into this study. Blood samples (4 ml) were obtained from the right radial arterial indwelling catheter after systemic heparinization prior to the start of cardiopulmonary bypass in the operating room. Twenty-one young healthy volunteers without underlying health issues who donated forearm venous blood samples (4 ml) were taken as control. The surgical specimens of the aortic tissues were obtained immediately after they were severed during the operations of the replacement of the aorta in the patients with aortic dissection or aortic aneurysm. In patients receiving coronary artery bypass grafting, the tiny aortic tissues were taken when the punch holes of the proximal anastomosis on the anterior wall of the ascending aorta were made. The aortic tissues were for RNA, protein, or supernatant preparations until detection of TGF-ß1 mRNA by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, of TGF-ß1, TGF-ß receptor I, Smad2/3, Smad4 and Smad7 by Western blot, and of TGF-ß1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. In particular, the linear correlations of the relative grayscales between different proteins of each group, and those correlations between the quantitative TGF-ß1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the time interval from the onset to surgery or the maximal dimensions of the aorta of the aortic dissection group were assessed.
RESULTS: Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that TGF-ß1 mRNA were upregulated in all surgical groups (1.59 ± 0.33 vs. 1.45 ± 0.34 vs. 1.48 ± 0.48, P > 0.05). Western blot revealed that the expressions of TGF-ß1, TGF-ß receptor I, Smad2/3, Smad4 and Smad7 were positive in the aortic tissues of all three investigated groups. Of the quantitative relative grayscales, a significant reverse correlation was noted between TGF-ß1 and Smad2/3 (Y = -0.8552X + 1.6417, r = -0.759, P < 0.0001), and a close direct correlation between Smad4 and Smad7 (Y = 0.5905X + 0.2805, r = 0.781, P < 0.0001) in the Aortic Dissection Group. In the Aortic Aneurysm Group, Smad4 and Smad7 were also closely correlated (Y = 0.5228X + 0.1642, r = 0.727, P = 0.026), and in the Coronary Artery Disease Group, TGF-ß1 and Smad7 were much significantly correlated (Y = 0.5301X + 0.5758, r = 0.917, P = 0.004). By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, TGF-ß1 level of the aortic tissue was lower in the aortic dissection than in the aortic aneurysm and coronary artery disease groups with no statistical significance (319.52 ± 129.21 pg/mg protein vs. 324.09 ± 49.70 pg/mg protein vs. 304.15 ± 29.39 pg/mg protein, P > 0.05). The plasma TGF-ß1 levels were 1158.30 ± 11.54 pg/ ml, 1170.27 ± 8.26 pg/ml, 1225.00 ± 174.42 pg/mL and 1160.25 ± 13.01 pg/mL in the four groups, respectively, showing significant intergroup differences (P < 0.05). No significant correlation was found between the aortic or plasma TGF-ß1 levels and the time interval from the onset to surgery or the maximal dimensions of the aorta in the patients of the aortic dissection group.
CONCLUSIONS: Aortic dissection, aortic aneurysm and atheroslerosis might be associated with an enhanced TGF ß/Smad signaling function, wit Keywords: Aorta; Aorta, Thoracic; Smad Proteins; Transforming Growth Factor beta1
Plasmatic vasopressin in patients undergoing conventional infra-renal abdominal aorta aneurysm repair
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate plasmatic arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels in patients undergoing scheduled conventional abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair.
METHODS: Plasmatic AVP concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in 22 non-consecutive adult patients undergoing infra-renal AAA repair. They were under combined general and epidural anesthesia at the following time frames: 1 - pre-operative (T0); 2 - 2h (T1) and 6h (T2) after the surgical procedure; 3 - in the morning at the first (T3), second (T4) and third (T5) post-operative days. Some clinical and laboratory variables were also recorded.
RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 68±10 years; 17 were males. Plasmatic AVP (mean±SD; pg/mL) was within the normal range at T0 (1.4±0.7; baseline), increasing significantly at T1 (62.6±62.9; P<0.001) and at T2 (31.5±49.7; P<0.001), with a progressive fall, returning to basal levels at T5 (2.1±3.8; P=NS). Positive and statistically significant correlations were found between AVP and glycemia, serum lactate and white blood cells counts, but not with systemic arterial pressure or plasma osmolarity during the postoperative period.
CONCLUSIONS: Considering that no correlations were found between AVP levels and hemodynamic or plasmatic osmolarity variations in AAA repair, it seems that stress response is mainly secondary to noxious stimulation mediated by the autonomic nervous system that is not completely blocked by anesthetics Keywords: Intensive care units; Cardiovascular abnormalities; Receptors, vasopressin
METHODS: Plasmatic AVP concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in 22 non-consecutive adult patients undergoing infra-renal AAA repair. They were under combined general and epidural anesthesia at the following time frames: 1 - pre-operative (T0); 2 - 2h (T1) and 6h (T2) after the surgical procedure; 3 - in the morning at the first (T3), second (T4) and third (T5) post-operative days. Some clinical and laboratory variables were also recorded.
RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 68±10 years; 17 were males. Plasmatic AVP (mean±SD; pg/mL) was within the normal range at T0 (1.4±0.7; baseline), increasing significantly at T1 (62.6±62.9; P<0.001) and at T2 (31.5±49.7; P<0.001), with a progressive fall, returning to basal levels at T5 (2.1±3.8; P=NS). Positive and statistically significant correlations were found between AVP and glycemia, serum lactate and white blood cells counts, but not with systemic arterial pressure or plasma osmolarity during the postoperative period.
CONCLUSIONS: Considering that no correlations were found between AVP levels and hemodynamic or plasmatic osmolarity variations in AAA repair, it seems that stress response is mainly secondary to noxious stimulation mediated by the autonomic nervous system that is not completely blocked by anesthetics Keywords: Intensive care units; Cardiovascular abnormalities; Receptors, vasopressin
REVIEW ARTICLE
Absence of arteriosclerosis in intramyocardial coronary arteries: a mystery to be solved?
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
Several studies show that portions of intramyocardial coronary arteries are spared of arteriosclerosis, involving morphological, embryological, biochemical and pathophysiological aspects. Endothelial function is significantly affected in the segment of transition, as estimated by the vasoactive response to Ach. These findings suggest that myocardial bridge can provide protection against arteriosclerosis by counteracting the negative effects of endothelial dysfunction. The intramyocardial portion's protection phenomenon deserves further scientific research on all research fronts. Improved morphological, biomechanical and especially physiological and embryological knowledge may be the key to a future window of opportunity for chronic arterial disease therapy and prevention. In addition, this review discusses possible therapeutic approaches for symptomatic coronary ischemia caused by myocardial bridges
Keywords: Myocardial bridging; Coronary circulation; Endothelium
Surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation: integrative review
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
When atrial fibrillation (AF) is present in pre-operative open heart surgeries, including coronary artery bypass grafting and valve operations, it represents an independent risk factor for cardiac events and reduced survival. Due to the complexity of the subject, especially when evaluating success rates (reversion and maintenance of normal sinus rhythm), a consensus statement was recently proposed by the International Society of Minimally Invasive Cardiothoracic Surgery (ISMICS), in order to determine whether the intraoperative ablation of AF promotes favorable clinical outcomes in patients undergoing other cardiac operations in comparison with individual operations without ablation. The aim of this paper is to present published data which has contributed to consensus statement and can be useful as update source. The integrative review was the methodology that provides synthesis of knowledge and applicability of results of significant studies about presented topic
Keywords: Treatment Outcome; Atrial Fibrillation; Ablation Techniques
Respiratory physiotherapy in the pre and postoperative myocardial revascularization surgery
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
The cardiovascular diseases are among the main death causes in the developed world. They have been increasing epidemically in the developing countries. In spite of several alternatives for the treatment of the coronary artery disease; the surgery of the myocardial revascularization is an option with proper indications of medium and long-term with good results. It provides the remission of the angina symptoms contributing to the increase of the expectation and improvement of the life quality. Most of patients undergoing myocardial revascularization surgery develop postoperative lung dysfunction with important reduction of the lung volumes, damages in the respiratory mechanism, decrease in the lung indulgence and increase of the respiratory work. The reduction of volumes and lung capacities can contribute to alterations in the gas exchanges, resulting in hypoxemia and decrease in the diffusion capacity. Taking this into account, the Physiotherapy has been requested more and more to perform in the pre as well as in the postoperative period of this surgery. This study aimed at updating the knowledge regarding the respiratory physiotherapy performance in the pre and postoperative period of the myocardial revascularization surgery enhancing the prevention of lung complications. The Physiotherapy uses several techniques in the preoperative period; such as: the incentive spirometry, exercises of deep breathing, cough, inspiratory muscle training, earlier ambulation and physiotherapeutic orientations. While in the postoperative period, the objective is the treatment after lung complications took place, performed by means of physiotherapeutic maneuvers and noninvasive respiratory devices, aiming at improving the respiratory mechanism, the lung reexpansion and the bronchial hygiene. Respiratory physiotherapy is an integral part in the care management of the patient with cardiopathy, either in the pre or in the postoperative period, since it contributes significantly to a better prognosis of these patients with the use of specific techniques.
Keywords: Physical Therapy (Specialty); Myocardial Revascularization; Preoperative Care; Postoperative Care
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
Near-fatal pulmonary embolism in an experimental model: hemodynamic, gasometric and capnographic variables
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
INTRODUCTION: Experimental studies on pulmonary embolism (PE) are usually performed under mechanical ventilation. Most patients with suspicion of PE enter the Emergency Services in spontaneous breathing and environmental air. Thus, under these conditions, measurements of hemodynamic, gasometric and capnographic variables contribute largely to a more specific comprehension of cardiopulmonary and gasometric alterations in the acute phase of the disease. Studies which evaluated animals under conditions are lacking.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to submit animals under spontaneous ventilation and without supplemental oxygen to PE.
METHODS: PE was induced in six pigs using autologous blood clots, and cardiorespiratory and gasometric records were performed before and after PE. The values of "near fatal" mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP) were previously determined.
RESULTS: The presence of obstructive shock could be evidenced by increased MPAP (from 17.8±3.5 to 41.7±3.3 mmHg) (P<0.0001) and decreased cardiac output (from 4.9±1.0 to 2.7±1.0 L/min) (P<0.003). Consequently, metabolic acidosis occurred (Lac art) (from 2.4±0.6 to 5.7±1.8 mmol/L)(P<0.0001). It was observed hypoxemia (from 73.5±12.7 to 40.3±4.6 mmHg) (P<0.0001); however, PaCO2 did not vary (from 44.9±4.4 to 48.2±6.0 mmHg) (NS). There were significant increases in both P(a-et)CO2 (from 4.8±2.8 to 37.2±5.8 mmHg) and P(A-a)O2 (from 8.2±8.9 to 37.2±10.3 mmHg) (both P<0.0001). There was also a significant increase in the total alveolar minute volume (from 4.0±0.9 to 10.6±2.9 L/min) (P<0.0001).
CONCLUSIONS: In this model, the near fatal MPAP was from 2 to 2.5 times the basal MPAP; and the capnographic variables, associated with arterial and venous gasometry, showed effective in discriminating an acute obstructive profile. Keywords: Pulmonary embolism; Hypertension, pulmonary; Capnography; Models, animal; Swine
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to submit animals under spontaneous ventilation and without supplemental oxygen to PE.
METHODS: PE was induced in six pigs using autologous blood clots, and cardiorespiratory and gasometric records were performed before and after PE. The values of "near fatal" mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP) were previously determined.
RESULTS: The presence of obstructive shock could be evidenced by increased MPAP (from 17.8±3.5 to 41.7±3.3 mmHg) (P<0.0001) and decreased cardiac output (from 4.9±1.0 to 2.7±1.0 L/min) (P<0.003). Consequently, metabolic acidosis occurred (Lac art) (from 2.4±0.6 to 5.7±1.8 mmol/L)(P<0.0001). It was observed hypoxemia (from 73.5±12.7 to 40.3±4.6 mmHg) (P<0.0001); however, PaCO2 did not vary (from 44.9±4.4 to 48.2±6.0 mmHg) (NS). There were significant increases in both P(a-et)CO2 (from 4.8±2.8 to 37.2±5.8 mmHg) and P(A-a)O2 (from 8.2±8.9 to 37.2±10.3 mmHg) (both P<0.0001). There was also a significant increase in the total alveolar minute volume (from 4.0±0.9 to 10.6±2.9 L/min) (P<0.0001).
CONCLUSIONS: In this model, the near fatal MPAP was from 2 to 2.5 times the basal MPAP; and the capnographic variables, associated with arterial and venous gasometry, showed effective in discriminating an acute obstructive profile. Keywords: Pulmonary embolism; Hypertension, pulmonary; Capnography; Models, animal; Swine
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
Experimental model of myocardial infarction induced by isoproterenol in rats
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and validate, in our laboratory, the essay of myocardial infarction induced by isoproterenol in rats by means of analysis of hematological, biochemical, oxidative stress markers and histopathological parameters.
METHODS: Thirty young, male, Wistar rats (145 to 230 g) were randomly allocated in two groups: Sham group, which underwent a virtual myocardial infarction induction, and the Infarction group, which underwent a myocardial infarction induction with isoproterenol. The administrations for the infarction induction were performed during two consecutive days and a 24-hour interval between them. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, rats from both groups were anesthetized and sacrificed for blood sample collection to evaluate complete blood count (CBC) and biochemical parameters (SGOT, SGPT, troponin I, urea and creatinin), obtain myocardial fragments for oxidative stress markers analyses (catalase activity and glutathione concentrations) as well as histopathological examinations.
RESULTS: There were no death cases in the Sham group, while the mortality rate in the Infarction group was 25%. Myocardial infarction induction with isoproterenol raised leukocytes and neutrophils counts, SGOT, troponin I and urea concentrations, reduced catalase enzyme activity and glutathione concentrations in the myocardium and let to histopathological concentrations as well. It did not exert alterations in terms of hemoglobin, SGPT and creatinin concentrations.
CONCLUSIONS: The isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction essay in rats was adequately reproduced in our laboratory, causing alterations in hematological, biochemical, oxidative stress markers and histopathological parameters. Keywords: Myocardial infarction; Isoproterenol; Rats, Wistar
METHODS: Thirty young, male, Wistar rats (145 to 230 g) were randomly allocated in two groups: Sham group, which underwent a virtual myocardial infarction induction, and the Infarction group, which underwent a myocardial infarction induction with isoproterenol. The administrations for the infarction induction were performed during two consecutive days and a 24-hour interval between them. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, rats from both groups were anesthetized and sacrificed for blood sample collection to evaluate complete blood count (CBC) and biochemical parameters (SGOT, SGPT, troponin I, urea and creatinin), obtain myocardial fragments for oxidative stress markers analyses (catalase activity and glutathione concentrations) as well as histopathological examinations.
RESULTS: There were no death cases in the Sham group, while the mortality rate in the Infarction group was 25%. Myocardial infarction induction with isoproterenol raised leukocytes and neutrophils counts, SGOT, troponin I and urea concentrations, reduced catalase enzyme activity and glutathione concentrations in the myocardium and let to histopathological concentrations as well. It did not exert alterations in terms of hemoglobin, SGPT and creatinin concentrations.
CONCLUSIONS: The isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction essay in rats was adequately reproduced in our laboratory, causing alterations in hematological, biochemical, oxidative stress markers and histopathological parameters. Keywords: Myocardial infarction; Isoproterenol; Rats, Wistar
BRIEF COMMUNICATION
Endovascular repair of ascending aorta and coronary stent implantation
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
Terminal ischemic cardiomyopathy associated with complication of stenting in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
A serious complication such as dissection of the left main coronary artery, with significant reduction in coronary blood flow by the true light, requires quick action. Therefore, the immediate choice of stent with appropriate length and size to treat the complication is necessary.
Keywords: Stents; Heart Transplantation; Myocardial Ischemia
Lymphoscintigraphic changes after harvesting of the saphenous vein for coronary artery bypass graft
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
BRIEF COMMUNICATION
Geli Putty®: a new alternative on sternal hemostasis in cardiac surgery
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
HOW TO DO IT
Effects of cryopreservation and/or decellularization on extracellular matrix of porcine valves
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphology of decelluarized and/or cryopreserved porcine pulmonary valves, to determine a solution capable of completely remove the cells without damaging the extracellular matrix. Porcine pulmonary valves were incubated for 24 hs in sodium deoxicholate 1% or sodium dodecyl sulfate 0.1 and 0.3%, with or without associated cryopreservation. Evaluation was done with optical microscopy (Hematoxilin-Eosin, Acetic Orcein and Gomori) and with morphometric analysis. The effectiviness of the solutions was variable, but the best results were obtained with the sodium dodecyl sulfate solution 0.1%.
Keywords: Tissue Engineering; Extracellular Matrix; Biotechnology; Morphology
CASE REPORT
Multiple left atrial myxoma: case report
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
Primary cardiac tumors are infrequent, with an incidence between 0.001% and 0.2%, mostly comprising benign histological characteristics in 75% of these cases. Myxomas account for approximately 50% of these neoplasms. As regards location, 75-80% of myxomas are in the left atrium, 18% in the right atrium, and more rarely in the ventricles. We report a case of a patient in functional class (FC) IV New York Heart Association (NYHA) and postoperative histological diagnosis of multilobular myxoma originating in the posterior left atrial wall. Clinical evaluation 3 months after surgery suggested NYHA functional class I and echocardiographic absence of intracardiac masses.
Keywords: Myxoma; Heart neoplasms; Heart atria
Calcified amorphous tumor of the heart: case report
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
Calcified amorphous tumor of the heart consists of a cardiac mass of rare nonneoplastic nature that mimics malignancy and causes symptoms due to obstruction or embolization of calcific fragments. We present a case of tumor 17-year-old young, male, in tricuspid valve, with classic pathological findings. It was preferred to approach for classic median esternotomy, installation of the circuit of extracorporal circulation and right atriotomy, exereses of tumor, DeVega's plasty in tricuspid valve and bicuspidization. The amatomopathological study demonstrated presence of extensive calcification and metaplastic bone areas. The patient had an uneventful hospitalization.
Keywords: Heart neoplasms; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Heart diseases
A large pericardial cyst presenting with compression of the right-side cardiac chambers
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
Pericardial cysts are rare, usually congenital. Cysts frequently occur in the right cardiophrenic angle and their diagnosis is usually suspected after an abnormal chest X ray. The present case report shows a case of pericardial cyst with atypical radiographic aspect in an athletic patient who presented clinical with symptoms of right ventricular failure. The diagnosis was suggested by echocardiogram and subsequently was confirmed by pathologic examination.
Keywords: Mediastinal cyst; Pericardium/ pathology; Cardiac surgical procedures
Migration of a Kirschner wire into the thoracic ascendent aorta artery
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
The orthopedic metallic pins and wires migration for the chest cavity is uncommon and rarely reported in medical literature although it is potentially lethal, especially when they reach the heart or mediastinum great vessels. We reported a case of Kirschner wire withdrawal, for right postero-lateral thoracotomy, which were transfixanting ascendent thoracic aorta artery, in its due to its migration of left clavicle, where it was placed to fix an occurred fracture 10 years before.
Keywords: Bone wires; Chest pain; Foreign-body migration
MULTIMEDIA
Checklist in pediatric cardiac surgery in Brazil: an useful and necessary adaptation of the Quality Improvement Collaborative International Congenital Heart Surgery in Developing Countries
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Letters to the Editor
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
Letters to the Editor
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 26;
Publish in: 8/2/2025