Volume 38 - Número 6
EDITORIAL
Ventricular Assist Device Research and Development in Brazil: A Long and Promising Relationship Between Medicine and Engineering
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 38;
e20230074
Publish in: 8/2/2025
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Could We Predict POAF With a Simple Ambulatory Oscillometry Evaluating Aortic Stiffness?
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 38;
e20230017
Publish in: 8/2/2025
Objective: To investigate the relationship between aortic stiffness and postoperative
atrial fibrillation (POAF) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass
grafting (CABG).
Methods: This study included 110 patients undergoing elective isolated CABG. Aortic stiffness was measured using a noninvasive oscillometric sphygmomanometer before surgery. Characteristics of patients with and without POAF were compared.
Results: POAF developed in 32 (29.1%) patients. Patients with POAF were older (63.7±8.6 vs. 58.3±8.4; P=0.014). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was more common in patients with POAF (11.5% vs. 37.5%; P=0.024), whereas the frequency of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and previous coronary artery disease did not differ. C-reactive protein and cholesterol levels were similar between patients with and without POAF. Left atrial diameter was greater in patients with POAF (35.9±1.6 vs. 36.7±1.7; P<0.039). Peripheral (p) and central (c) systolic and diastolic blood pressures were also similar between the groups, whereas both p and c pulse pressures (PP) were greater in patients with POAF (pPP: 44.3±11.9 vs. 50.3±11.6; P=0.018, cPP: 31.4±8.1 vs. 36.2±8.9; P=0.008). Pulse wave velocity (PWV) was significantly higher in POAF (8.6+1.3 vs. 9.4+1.3; P=0.006). PWV, pPR and COPD were independent predictors of POAF in multivariate regression analysis. In receiver operating characteristic analysis, PWV and pPP have similar accuracy for predicting POAF (PWV, area under the curve [AUC]: 0.661, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.547-0.775], P=0.009) (pPP, AUC: 0.656, 95% CI [0.542-0.769], P=0.012).
Conclusion: COPD, PWV, and PP are predictors of POAF. PP and PWV, easily measured in office conditions, might be useful for detecting patients with a higher risk of POAF.
Keywords: Aortic Stiffness; Atrial fibrillation; Coronary artery bypass; Pulse Pressure; Pulse Wave Velocity
Methods: This study included 110 patients undergoing elective isolated CABG. Aortic stiffness was measured using a noninvasive oscillometric sphygmomanometer before surgery. Characteristics of patients with and without POAF were compared.
Results: POAF developed in 32 (29.1%) patients. Patients with POAF were older (63.7±8.6 vs. 58.3±8.4; P=0.014). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was more common in patients with POAF (11.5% vs. 37.5%; P=0.024), whereas the frequency of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and previous coronary artery disease did not differ. C-reactive protein and cholesterol levels were similar between patients with and without POAF. Left atrial diameter was greater in patients with POAF (35.9±1.6 vs. 36.7±1.7; P<0.039). Peripheral (p) and central (c) systolic and diastolic blood pressures were also similar between the groups, whereas both p and c pulse pressures (PP) were greater in patients with POAF (pPP: 44.3±11.9 vs. 50.3±11.6; P=0.018, cPP: 31.4±8.1 vs. 36.2±8.9; P=0.008). Pulse wave velocity (PWV) was significantly higher in POAF (8.6+1.3 vs. 9.4+1.3; P=0.006). PWV, pPR and COPD were independent predictors of POAF in multivariate regression analysis. In receiver operating characteristic analysis, PWV and pPP have similar accuracy for predicting POAF (PWV, area under the curve [AUC]: 0.661, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.547-0.775], P=0.009) (pPP, AUC: 0.656, 95% CI [0.542-0.769], P=0.012).
Conclusion: COPD, PWV, and PP are predictors of POAF. PP and PWV, easily measured in office conditions, might be useful for detecting patients with a higher risk of POAF.
Keywords: Aortic Stiffness; Atrial fibrillation; Coronary artery bypass; Pulse Pressure; Pulse Wave Velocity
Predictors of Mid-Term AVNeo Insufficiency
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 38;
e20220370
Publish in: 8/2/2025
Introduction: Aortic stenosis (AS) is the most common valvular heart disease and the most
common indication for aortic valve replacement in adults. Aortic valve
neocuspidization (AVNeo) with fixed autologous pericardium, also known as
the Ozaki procedure, is a possible alternative treatment of AS.
Autopericardial valves save the dynamics and physiological anatomy of the
aortic root, however, the service life of autopericardial leaflets is
limited. There is no data about factors that may influence the development
of AVNeo insufficiency. Here, we assessed the effect of autopericardial
leaflet symmetry on the development of aortic insufficiency after Ozaki
procedure.
Methods: This study included 381 patients with AS who underwent Ozaki procedure. Patients were divided into group 1 (171 patients with symmetric aortic root) and group 2 (210 patients with asymmetric aortic root).
Results: The maximum observation period was up to 65 months. Sixteen cases of aortic insufficiency were detected in group 1, and 33 cases were detected in group 2. Based on the results of Cox regression, the predictors of aortic insufficiency in the late postoperative period are age and asymmetry of neocusps. According to results of Kaplan–Meier analysis, insufficiency of AVNeo in the maximum follow-up period after surgical correction of AS for group 1 patients was significantly lower than for group 2 patients (P=0.006).
Conclusion: Asymmetric neocusps increase the risk of aortic insufficiency in the mid-term period after Ozaki procedure. And the older the patients at the time of surgery, the less likely they develop AVNeo insufficiency.
Keywords: Aortic Valve Diseases; Aortic valve insufficiency; Pericardium; Reoperation; Cardiac surgical procedures
Methods: This study included 381 patients with AS who underwent Ozaki procedure. Patients were divided into group 1 (171 patients with symmetric aortic root) and group 2 (210 patients with asymmetric aortic root).
Results: The maximum observation period was up to 65 months. Sixteen cases of aortic insufficiency were detected in group 1, and 33 cases were detected in group 2. Based on the results of Cox regression, the predictors of aortic insufficiency in the late postoperative period are age and asymmetry of neocusps. According to results of Kaplan–Meier analysis, insufficiency of AVNeo in the maximum follow-up period after surgical correction of AS for group 1 patients was significantly lower than for group 2 patients (P=0.006).
Conclusion: Asymmetric neocusps increase the risk of aortic insufficiency in the mid-term period after Ozaki procedure. And the older the patients at the time of surgery, the less likely they develop AVNeo insufficiency.
Keywords: Aortic Valve Diseases; Aortic valve insufficiency; Pericardium; Reoperation; Cardiac surgical procedures
Use of Ozonized Water in the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection in Children Undergoing Cardiovascular Surgery
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 38;
e20230006
Publish in: 8/2/2025
Introduction: Since the reduction of healthcare-associated infections has been a focus for
quality patient care, this study aimed to evaluate the surgical site
infection rate of children who underwent cardiovascular surgery after
implementation of ozonized water system for hand and body hygiene allied to
previously implemented preventive measures.
Methods: Two uniformly comparable groups of pediatric patients underwent cardiovascular surgery. Group A (187) patients were operated prior to installation of ozonized water system (March 1 to August 31, 2019), and group B (214) patients were operated after installation of ozonized water system (October 1, 2019, to March 31, 2020). Ozonized water was used for professional hand hygiene and patient body hygiene.
Results: There was statistical significance for surgical site infection reduction in group B (P=0.0289), with a relative risk of 0.560 (95% confidence interval = 0.298 to 0.920), inferring the risk of being diagnosed with surgical site infections in group B was 44% less than in group A. There was no statistical significance regarding mechanical ventilation time (P=0.1998) or mortality (P=0.4457).
Conclusion: Ozonized water for professional hand hygiene and patient body hygiene was an adjuvant combined with traditional preventive methods to reduce the risk of surgical site infection, although no impact on hospital stay or mortality was observed.
Keywords: Ozone; Cross infection; Congenital Heart Defects
Methods: Two uniformly comparable groups of pediatric patients underwent cardiovascular surgery. Group A (187) patients were operated prior to installation of ozonized water system (March 1 to August 31, 2019), and group B (214) patients were operated after installation of ozonized water system (October 1, 2019, to March 31, 2020). Ozonized water was used for professional hand hygiene and patient body hygiene.
Results: There was statistical significance for surgical site infection reduction in group B (P=0.0289), with a relative risk of 0.560 (95% confidence interval = 0.298 to 0.920), inferring the risk of being diagnosed with surgical site infections in group B was 44% less than in group A. There was no statistical significance regarding mechanical ventilation time (P=0.1998) or mortality (P=0.4457).
Conclusion: Ozonized water for professional hand hygiene and patient body hygiene was an adjuvant combined with traditional preventive methods to reduce the risk of surgical site infection, although no impact on hospital stay or mortality was observed.
Keywords: Ozone; Cross infection; Congenital Heart Defects
Safety, Effectiveness, and Hemodynamic Performance of the Bovine Pericardium Organic Valvular Bioprosthesis
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 38;
e20230015
Publish in: 8/2/2025
Objective: To assess actual data on the safety, effectiveness, and hemodynamic
performance of Bovine Pericardium Organic Valvular Bioprosthesis (BVP).
Methods: The BIOPRO Trial is an observational, retrospective, non-comparative, non-randomized, and multicenter study. We collected data from 903 patients with symptomatic, moderate, or severe valve disease who underwent BVP implants in the timeframe from 2013 to 2020 at three Brazilian institutions. Death, valve-related adverse events (AEs), functional recovery, and hemodynamic performance were evaluated at the hospital, at discharge, and six months and one year later. Primary analysis compared late (> 30 days after implant) linearized rates of valve-related AEs, such as thromboembolism, valve thrombosis, major hemorrhage, major paravalvular leak, and endocarditis, following objective performance criteria (OPC). Analysis was performed to include at least 400 valve-years for each valve position (aortic and mitral) for complete comparisons to OPC. Kaplan-Meier survival and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular event analyses were also performed.
Results: This retrospective study analyzed follow-up data collected from 903 patients (834.2 late patient-years) who have undergone surgery for 455 isolated aortic valve replacement (50.4%), 382 isolated mitral valve replacement (42.3%), and 66 combined valve replacement or other intervention (7.3%). The linearized rates of valve-related AEs were < 2 × OPC. One-year survival rates were 95.1% and 92.7% for aortic and mitral valve replacement, respectively. This study demonstrated an improvement in the New York Heart Association classification from baseline and hemodynamic performance within an expected range.
Conclusion: According to this analysis, BVP meets world standards for safety and clinical efficacy.
Keywords: Aortic valve; Bioprosthesis; Animals; Heart valve prosthesis; Hemodynamics; Prosthesis Design; Treatment Outcomes
Methods: The BIOPRO Trial is an observational, retrospective, non-comparative, non-randomized, and multicenter study. We collected data from 903 patients with symptomatic, moderate, or severe valve disease who underwent BVP implants in the timeframe from 2013 to 2020 at three Brazilian institutions. Death, valve-related adverse events (AEs), functional recovery, and hemodynamic performance were evaluated at the hospital, at discharge, and six months and one year later. Primary analysis compared late (> 30 days after implant) linearized rates of valve-related AEs, such as thromboembolism, valve thrombosis, major hemorrhage, major paravalvular leak, and endocarditis, following objective performance criteria (OPC). Analysis was performed to include at least 400 valve-years for each valve position (aortic and mitral) for complete comparisons to OPC. Kaplan-Meier survival and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular event analyses were also performed.
Results: This retrospective study analyzed follow-up data collected from 903 patients (834.2 late patient-years) who have undergone surgery for 455 isolated aortic valve replacement (50.4%), 382 isolated mitral valve replacement (42.3%), and 66 combined valve replacement or other intervention (7.3%). The linearized rates of valve-related AEs were < 2 × OPC. One-year survival rates were 95.1% and 92.7% for aortic and mitral valve replacement, respectively. This study demonstrated an improvement in the New York Heart Association classification from baseline and hemodynamic performance within an expected range.
Conclusion: According to this analysis, BVP meets world standards for safety and clinical efficacy.
Keywords: Aortic valve; Bioprosthesis; Animals; Heart valve prosthesis; Hemodynamics; Prosthesis Design; Treatment Outcomes
Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest in Median Sternotomy Hemorrhage During Redo Aortic Surgery
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 38;
e20220164
Publish in: 8/2/2025
Introduction: This study summarizes the clinical data of patients who developed sternotomy hemorrhage during redo aortic surgery and analyzes the clinical experience of using hypothermic circulatory arrest.
Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients who developed sternotomy hemorrhage during redo aortic surgery from May 2018 to August 2021. General anesthesia with single-lumen tracheal intubation was used. Femoral artery, vein, and superior vena cava cannulation were used if cardiopulmonary bypass was required according to the situation, and right superior vein or apical cannulation was selected for left heart drainage.
Results: A total of 11 patients were enrolled in this study, comprising nine males and two females, with an average age of 44.3±16.7 years. All cases were successfully completed without cerebrovascular complications or paraplegia. Two patients died during hospitalization, two patients died during the follow-up after discharge, and the remaining patients are recovering well.
Conclusion: The femoral-femoral bypass with hypothermic circulatory arrest technique is a safe and reliable method to use in cases of sternotomy hemorrhage during redo aortic surgery.
Keywords: Sternotomy; Superior Vena Cava; Catheterization; Intratracheal Intubation; Drainage; Patient Discharge;
Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients who developed sternotomy hemorrhage during redo aortic surgery from May 2018 to August 2021. General anesthesia with single-lumen tracheal intubation was used. Femoral artery, vein, and superior vena cava cannulation were used if cardiopulmonary bypass was required according to the situation, and right superior vein or apical cannulation was selected for left heart drainage.
Results: A total of 11 patients were enrolled in this study, comprising nine males and two females, with an average age of 44.3±16.7 years. All cases were successfully completed without cerebrovascular complications or paraplegia. Two patients died during hospitalization, two patients died during the follow-up after discharge, and the remaining patients are recovering well.
Conclusion: The femoral-femoral bypass with hypothermic circulatory arrest technique is a safe and reliable method to use in cases of sternotomy hemorrhage during redo aortic surgery.
Keywords: Sternotomy; Superior Vena Cava; Catheterization; Intratracheal Intubation; Drainage; Patient Discharge;
Analysis of 24-hour Death Risk Factors in Circulatory Failure Patients Treated with Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 38;
e20220398
Publish in: 8/2/2025
Objective: To explore the factors affecting short-term prognosis of circulatory failure patients undergoing venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) treatment.
Methods: A total of 136 patients undergoing VA-ECMO were enrolled in this study and subsequently divided into the death group (n=35) and the survival group (n=101) based on whether death occurred during hospitalisation. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) running time, length of intensive care unit stay, length of hospital stay, costs, and ECMO complications were then compared between the two groups.
Results: The average age of all patients undergoing ECMO was 47.64±16.78 years (53.2±16.20 years in the death group and 45.713±16.62 years in the survival group) (P=0.022). Patients in the survival group exhibited a clear downward trend in lactic acid value following ECMO treatment compared to those in the death group. Total hospitalisation stay was longer in the survival group (35 days) than in the death group (15.5 days) (P<0.001). In the analysis of ECMO complications, the incidence of neurological complications, renal failure, limb complications, and infection were higher in the death group than in the survival group (P<0.05 for all). Specifically, as a risk factor for patient survival and discharge, the occurrence of infection will lead to increased hospitalisation stays and costs (P<0.05 for both).
Conclusion: Complications such as kidney failure and infection are associated with in-hospital death, and ECMO-related complications should be actively prevented to improve the survival rate of VA-ECMO treatment.
Keywords: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; Prognosis; Risk Factors; Cardiopulmonary Failure; Hospital Mortality;
Methods: A total of 136 patients undergoing VA-ECMO were enrolled in this study and subsequently divided into the death group (n=35) and the survival group (n=101) based on whether death occurred during hospitalisation. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) running time, length of intensive care unit stay, length of hospital stay, costs, and ECMO complications were then compared between the two groups.
Results: The average age of all patients undergoing ECMO was 47.64±16.78 years (53.2±16.20 years in the death group and 45.713±16.62 years in the survival group) (P=0.022). Patients in the survival group exhibited a clear downward trend in lactic acid value following ECMO treatment compared to those in the death group. Total hospitalisation stay was longer in the survival group (35 days) than in the death group (15.5 days) (P<0.001). In the analysis of ECMO complications, the incidence of neurological complications, renal failure, limb complications, and infection were higher in the death group than in the survival group (P<0.05 for all). Specifically, as a risk factor for patient survival and discharge, the occurrence of infection will lead to increased hospitalisation stays and costs (P<0.05 for both).
Conclusion: Complications such as kidney failure and infection are associated with in-hospital death, and ECMO-related complications should be actively prevented to improve the survival rate of VA-ECMO treatment.
Keywords: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; Prognosis; Risk Factors; Cardiopulmonary Failure; Hospital Mortality;
Central vs. Peripheral Cannulation During Reoperations: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 38;
e20220463
Publish in: 8/2/2025
Introduction: The aim of this study is to compare the postoperative outcomes and early mortality of peripheral and central cannulation techniques in cardiac reoperations using propensity score matching analysis.
Methods: In this retrospective cohort, patients who underwent cardiac reoperations with median resternotomy were analyzed in terms of propensity score matching. Between November 2010 and September 2020, 257 patients underwent cardiac reoperations via central (Group 1) or peripheral (Group 2) cannulation. A 1:1 propensity score matching was performed to balance the influence of potential confounding factors to compare postoperative data and mortality rate.
Results: There were no significant differences when comparing the matched groups regarding early mortality (P=0.51), major cardiac injury (P=0.99), prolonged ventilation (P=0.16), and postoperative stroke (P=0.99). The development of acute renal failure (P=0.02) was statistically less frequent in Group 1.
Conclusions: Performing cardiopulmonary bypass via peripheral cannulation increases acute renal failure in cardiac reoperations. In contrast, peripheral or central cannulation have similar early mortality rate in cardiac reoperations.
Keywords: Reoperation; Cardiopulmonary bypass; Cannulation; Acute Kidney Injury;
Methods: In this retrospective cohort, patients who underwent cardiac reoperations with median resternotomy were analyzed in terms of propensity score matching. Between November 2010 and September 2020, 257 patients underwent cardiac reoperations via central (Group 1) or peripheral (Group 2) cannulation. A 1:1 propensity score matching was performed to balance the influence of potential confounding factors to compare postoperative data and mortality rate.
Results: There were no significant differences when comparing the matched groups regarding early mortality (P=0.51), major cardiac injury (P=0.99), prolonged ventilation (P=0.16), and postoperative stroke (P=0.99). The development of acute renal failure (P=0.02) was statistically less frequent in Group 1.
Conclusions: Performing cardiopulmonary bypass via peripheral cannulation increases acute renal failure in cardiac reoperations. In contrast, peripheral or central cannulation have similar early mortality rate in cardiac reoperations.
Keywords: Reoperation; Cardiopulmonary bypass; Cannulation; Acute Kidney Injury;
Transcriptomics Provides Novel Insights into the Regulatory Mechanism of IncRNA HIF1A-AS1 on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 38;
e20220260
Publish in: 8/2/2025
Introduction: Thoracic aortic aneurysm is a potentially fatal disease with a strong genetic
contribution. The dysfunction of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs)
contributes to the formation of this aneurysm. Although previous studies
suggested that long non-coding ribonucleic acid (RNA) hypoxia inducible
factor 1 α-antisense RNA 1 (HIF1A-AS1) exerted a vital role in the
progression and pathogenesis of thoracic aortic aneurysm, we managed to find
a new regulatory mechanism of HIF1A-AS1 in VSMCs via transcriptomics.
Methods: Cell viability was detected by the cell counting kit-8 assay. Cell apoptosis was assessed by Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide double staining. Transwell migration assay and wound healing assay were performed to check the migration ability of HIF1A-AS1 on VSMCs. The NextSeq XTen system (Illumina) was used to collect RNA sequencing data. Lastly, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction confirmed the veracity and reliability of RNA-sequencing results.
Results: We observed that overexpressing HIF1A-AS1 successfully promoted apoptosis, significantly altered cell cycle distribution, and greatly attenuated migration in VSMCs, further highlighting the robust promoting effects of HIF1A-AS1 to thoracic aortic aneurysm. Moreover, transcriptomics was implemented to uncover its underlying mechanism. A total of 175 differently expressed genes were identified, with some of them enriched in apoptosis, migration, and cell cycle-related pathways. Intriguingly, some differently expressed genes were noted in vascular development or coagulation function pathways.
Conclusion: We suggest that HIF1A-AS1 mediated the progression of thoracic aortic aneurysm by not only regulating the function of VSMCs, but also altering vascular development or coagulation function.
Keywords: Apoptosis; Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1; RNA Sequence Analysis; Thoracic aortic aneurysm; Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Methods: Cell viability was detected by the cell counting kit-8 assay. Cell apoptosis was assessed by Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide double staining. Transwell migration assay and wound healing assay were performed to check the migration ability of HIF1A-AS1 on VSMCs. The NextSeq XTen system (Illumina) was used to collect RNA sequencing data. Lastly, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction confirmed the veracity and reliability of RNA-sequencing results.
Results: We observed that overexpressing HIF1A-AS1 successfully promoted apoptosis, significantly altered cell cycle distribution, and greatly attenuated migration in VSMCs, further highlighting the robust promoting effects of HIF1A-AS1 to thoracic aortic aneurysm. Moreover, transcriptomics was implemented to uncover its underlying mechanism. A total of 175 differently expressed genes were identified, with some of them enriched in apoptosis, migration, and cell cycle-related pathways. Intriguingly, some differently expressed genes were noted in vascular development or coagulation function pathways.
Conclusion: We suggest that HIF1A-AS1 mediated the progression of thoracic aortic aneurysm by not only regulating the function of VSMCs, but also altering vascular development or coagulation function.
Keywords: Apoptosis; Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1; RNA Sequence Analysis; Thoracic aortic aneurysm; Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Comparison of Single-Dose Cardioplegia in Valvular Heart Surgery: Lactated Ringer’s-Based del Nido vs. Histidine-Tryptophan-Ketoglutarate Cardioplegia Solution
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 38;
e20220447
Publish in: 8/2/2025
Introduction: This study evaluated myocardial protection and clinical outcomes when using
lactated Ringer’s solution as the base solution for del Nido cardioplegia
compared with histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution in valvular
surgery.
Methods: From January 2017 to May 2018, 71 adult patients who underwent valvular surgery with del Nido cardioplegia (n=37) or HTK cardioplegia (n=34) were retrospectively analyzed.
Results: Patients’ characteristics were comparable between groups. Postoperative peak troponin T levels were similar. The del Nido group had a decreased incidence of ventricular fibrillation after aortic cross-clamp removal (13.51 vs. 55.88%; P<0.001), lower total volume of cardioplegia administered (1,000 [1,000, 1,250] vs. 1,800 [1,500, 2,000] mL; P<0.001), shorter hospital stay (6 [5, 8] vs. 7 [6, 10] days; P=0.03), and less postoperative red cell transfusion (34.29 vs. 61.11%; P=0.024). There is no difference in aortic cross-clamping time, postoperative change in left ventricular ejection fraction, intensive care unit stay, duration of inotropic support, new onset of atrial fibrillation, in-hospital mortality, complications, and three-year overall survival rate.
Conclusion: Lactated Ringer’s-based del Nido cardioplegia can be safely used for valvular surgery with acceptable clinical outcomes compared to HTK cardioplegia.
Keywords: Ringer’s Solution; Valvular Surgery; Stroke Volume; Left Ventricular Function; Cardiac Arrhythmias
Methods: From January 2017 to May 2018, 71 adult patients who underwent valvular surgery with del Nido cardioplegia (n=37) or HTK cardioplegia (n=34) were retrospectively analyzed.
Results: Patients’ characteristics were comparable between groups. Postoperative peak troponin T levels were similar. The del Nido group had a decreased incidence of ventricular fibrillation after aortic cross-clamp removal (13.51 vs. 55.88%; P<0.001), lower total volume of cardioplegia administered (1,000 [1,000, 1,250] vs. 1,800 [1,500, 2,000] mL; P<0.001), shorter hospital stay (6 [5, 8] vs. 7 [6, 10] days; P=0.03), and less postoperative red cell transfusion (34.29 vs. 61.11%; P=0.024). There is no difference in aortic cross-clamping time, postoperative change in left ventricular ejection fraction, intensive care unit stay, duration of inotropic support, new onset of atrial fibrillation, in-hospital mortality, complications, and three-year overall survival rate.
Conclusion: Lactated Ringer’s-based del Nido cardioplegia can be safely used for valvular surgery with acceptable clinical outcomes compared to HTK cardioplegia.
Keywords: Ringer’s Solution; Valvular Surgery; Stroke Volume; Left Ventricular Function; Cardiac Arrhythmias
Adult Congenital Heart Disease: Report from a Public Reference Hospital in Northeastern Brazil
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 38;
e20230039
Publish in: 8/2/2025
Introduction: The increasing worldwide number of adults with congenital heart disease (CHD)
demands greater attention from health professionals. The purpose of this
report is to describe the clinical demographic profile, frequency, and
invasive treatment status of adults with CHD in a public reference hospital
in northeastern Brazil.
Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study including 704 patients attended between August 2016 and August 2020. Data were collected from virtual database.
Results: Patients’ age varied from 17 to 81 years (mean 32±14; median 27 years); 294 (41.8%) patients were male, and 410 (58,2%) were female; 230 (32,7%) had diagnosis from age 18 and up. Cardiac complexity categories were “simple defects” (134 [19%] patients), “moderate complexity” (503 [71.5%]), and “great complexity” (67 [9.5%]). Atrial septal defect (ASD) was diagnosed in 216 (30.7%) patients, ventricular septal defect (VSD) in 101 (14.3%), tetralogy of Fallot in 93 (13.2%), and other CHD in 294 (41.8%). New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classes were I (401 [57%]), II (203 [28.8%]), III (76 [10.8%]), and IV (24 [3.4%]). Complications were arrhythmias (173 [24%]) and severe pulmonary hypertension (69 [9.8%]). Invasive treatments were corrective surgery (364 (51.6%]), reoperation (28 [4.0%]), palliation (11 [1.6%]), interventional catheterization (12 [1.7%]), surgery plus interventional catheterization (5 [0.7%]), and preoperation (91 [12.9%]). Treatment was not required in 102 (14,5%) patients, and 91 (12.9%) were inoperable.
Conclusion: The leading diagnosis was ASD. Frequency of unrepaired patients was high, mainly ASD, due to late diagnosis, which favored complications and denotes a matter of great concern.
Keywords: Congenital Heart Defects; Atrial Septal Defect 5; Tetralogy of Fallot; Cardiac surgical procedures; Reoperation
Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study including 704 patients attended between August 2016 and August 2020. Data were collected from virtual database.
Results: Patients’ age varied from 17 to 81 years (mean 32±14; median 27 years); 294 (41.8%) patients were male, and 410 (58,2%) were female; 230 (32,7%) had diagnosis from age 18 and up. Cardiac complexity categories were “simple defects” (134 [19%] patients), “moderate complexity” (503 [71.5%]), and “great complexity” (67 [9.5%]). Atrial septal defect (ASD) was diagnosed in 216 (30.7%) patients, ventricular septal defect (VSD) in 101 (14.3%), tetralogy of Fallot in 93 (13.2%), and other CHD in 294 (41.8%). New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classes were I (401 [57%]), II (203 [28.8%]), III (76 [10.8%]), and IV (24 [3.4%]). Complications were arrhythmias (173 [24%]) and severe pulmonary hypertension (69 [9.8%]). Invasive treatments were corrective surgery (364 (51.6%]), reoperation (28 [4.0%]), palliation (11 [1.6%]), interventional catheterization (12 [1.7%]), surgery plus interventional catheterization (5 [0.7%]), and preoperation (91 [12.9%]). Treatment was not required in 102 (14,5%) patients, and 91 (12.9%) were inoperable.
Conclusion: The leading diagnosis was ASD. Frequency of unrepaired patients was high, mainly ASD, due to late diagnosis, which favored complications and denotes a matter of great concern.
Keywords: Congenital Heart Defects; Atrial Septal Defect 5; Tetralogy of Fallot; Cardiac surgical procedures; Reoperation
Resveratrol Attenuates Degeneration and Apoptosis of Cardiomyocytes Induced by Aortic Clamping
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 38;
e20230224
Publish in: 8/2/2025
Introduction: Objective: To investigate the potential beneficial effects of resveratrol
(RVT) against ischemia-reperfusion injury of myocardial tissue during
surgical treatment of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm.
Methods: Four groups were established — control, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), sham (I/R+solvent/dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]), and I/R+RVT. Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm model was used as the experimental protocol.
Results: In the I/R and I/R+DMSO groups, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in myocardial tissue were found to be significantly increased compared to the control group. The MDA level in myocardial tissue was significantly decreased in the I/ R+RVT group compared to the I/R group. In I/R and I/R+DMSO groups, glutathione peroxidase (GSH) levels in myocardial tissue were found to be significantly decreased compared to the control group. The GSH level in the myocardial tissue was significantly increased in the I/R+RVT group compared to the I/R group. In the light microscope, isotropic and anisotropic band disorganized atypical cardiomyocytes in the I/R group and degenerative cardiomyocytes and edematous areas in the I/R+DMSO group were observed. Degenerative cardiomyocytes and edematous areas were decreased in the I/R+RVT group. When heart tissue sections incubated with cleaved caspase-3 primary antibodies were examined under the light microscope, apoptotic cardiomyocytes were present in I/R and I/R+DMSO groups. A decrease in the number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes was observed in the I/R+RVT group.
Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicate that RVT exhibits protective effects against ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the myocardium as a distant organ as a result of abdominal aorta clamping.
Keywords: Abdominal aorta; Glutathione Peroxidase; Myocardium; Malondialdehyde; Resveratrol
Methods: Four groups were established — control, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), sham (I/R+solvent/dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]), and I/R+RVT. Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm model was used as the experimental protocol.
Results: In the I/R and I/R+DMSO groups, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in myocardial tissue were found to be significantly increased compared to the control group. The MDA level in myocardial tissue was significantly decreased in the I/ R+RVT group compared to the I/R group. In I/R and I/R+DMSO groups, glutathione peroxidase (GSH) levels in myocardial tissue were found to be significantly decreased compared to the control group. The GSH level in the myocardial tissue was significantly increased in the I/R+RVT group compared to the I/R group. In the light microscope, isotropic and anisotropic band disorganized atypical cardiomyocytes in the I/R group and degenerative cardiomyocytes and edematous areas in the I/R+DMSO group were observed. Degenerative cardiomyocytes and edematous areas were decreased in the I/R+RVT group. When heart tissue sections incubated with cleaved caspase-3 primary antibodies were examined under the light microscope, apoptotic cardiomyocytes were present in I/R and I/R+DMSO groups. A decrease in the number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes was observed in the I/R+RVT group.
Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicate that RVT exhibits protective effects against ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the myocardium as a distant organ as a result of abdominal aorta clamping.
Keywords: Abdominal aorta; Glutathione Peroxidase; Myocardium; Malondialdehyde; Resveratrol
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Fate of the Patent False Lumen of the Descending Aorta After Surgical Treatment for Acute Type 1 Aortic Dissection
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 38;
Publish in: 8/2/2025
Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting false lumen patency in the descending thoracic aorta among patients who underwent surgery for acute type 1 aortic dissection.
Methods: A total of 112 patients with acute type 1 aortic dissection, with the flap below the diaphragm level, underwent surgery between January 2010 and September 2019. Of these, 60 patients who were followed up for ≥ 12 months and whose computed tomography scans were available were included in this study. The patients were divided into two groups: group I, consists of patent false lumen (n=36), and group II, consists of thrombosed false lumen (n=24). Demographic data, operative techniques, postoperative descending aortic diameters, reintervention, and late mortality were compared between the two groups.
Results: The mean follow-up period of all patients was 37.6±26.1 months (range: 12–104). The diameter increase in the proximal and distal descending aorta was significantly higher in the patent false lumen group (5.3±3.7 mm vs. 3.25±2.34 mm; P=0.015; 3.1±2.52 mm vs. 1.9±1.55 mm; P=0.038, respectively). No significant difference in terms of hypertension was found between the two groups during the follow-up period (21 patients, 58.3% vs. 8 patients, 33.3%; P=0.058). A total of 29 patients (48.3%) were found to be hypertensive in the postoperative period.
Conclusion: After surgical treatment for acute type 1 aortic dissection, patients should be monitored closely, regardless of whether the false lumen is patent or thrombosed. Mortality and reintervention can be seen in patients with patent false lumen during follow-up.
REVIEW ARTICLE
Vasa Vasorum in Saphenous Vein for CABG: A Review of Morphological Characteristics
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 38;
e20230045
Publish in: 8/2/2025
This short article discusses selected scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope features of vasa vasorum including pericytes and basement membrane of the human saphenous vein (SV) harvested with either conventional (CON) or no-touch (NT) technique for coronary artery bypass grafting. Scanning electron microscope data shows the general damage to vasa vasorum of CON-SV, while the transmission electron microscope data presents ultrastructural features of the vasa in more detail. Hence there are some features suggesting pericyte involvement in the contraction of vasa blood vessels, particularly in CON-SV. Other features associated with the vasa vasorum of both CON-SV and NT-SV preparations include thickened and/or multiplied layers of the basement membrane. In some cases, multiple layers of basement membrane embrace both pericyte and vasa microvessel making an impression of a “unit” made by basement membrane-pericyte-endothelium/microvessel. It can be speculated that this structural arrangement has an effect on the contractile and/or relaxing properties of the vessels involved. Endothelial colocalization of immunoreactive inducible nitric oxide synthase and endothelin-1 can be observed (with laser confocal microscope) in some of the vasa microvessels. It can be speculated that this phenomenon, particularly of the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, might be related to structurally changed vasa vessels, e.g., with expanded basement membrane. Fine physiological relationships between vasa vasorum endothelium, basement membrane, pericyte, and perivascular nerves have yet to be uncovered in the detail needed for better understanding of the cells’ specific effects in SV preparations for coronary artery bypass grafting.
Keywords: Vasa Vasorum; Pericytes; Basement Membrane; Saphenous vein; CABG
Keywords: Vasa Vasorum; Pericytes; Basement Membrane; Saphenous vein; CABG
Outcomes of Chylothorax Nonoperative Management After Cardiothoracic Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 38;
e20220326
Publish in: 8/2/2025
Introduction: Chylothorax after thoracic surgery is a severe complication with high
morbidity and mortality rate of 0.10 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.06 –
0.02). There is no agreement on whether nonoperative treatment or early
reoperation should be the initial intervention. This systematic review and
meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the outcomes of the conservative approach to
treat chyle leakage after cardiothoracic surgeries.
Methods: A systematic review was conducted in PubMed®, Embase, Cochrane Library Central, and LILACS (Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde) databases; a manual search of references was also done. The inclusion criteria were patients who underwent cardiothoracic surgery, patients who received any nonoperative treatment (e.g., total parenteral nutrition, low-fat diet, medium chain triglycerides), and studies that evaluated chylothorax resolution, length of hospital stay, postoperative complications, infection, morbidity, and mortality.
Results: Twenty-two articles were selected. Pulmonary complications, infections, and arrhythmia were the most common complications after surgical procedures. The incidence of chylothorax in cardiothoracic surgery was 1.8% (95% CI 1.7 – 2%). The mean time of maintenance of the chest tube was 16.08 days (95% CI 12.54 – 19.63), and the length of hospital stay was 23.74 days (95% CI 16.08 – 31.42) in patients with chylothorax receiving nonoperative treatment. Among patients that received conservative treatment, the morbidity event was 0.40 (95% CI 0.23 – 0.59), and reoperation rate was 0.37 (95% CI 0.27 – 0.49). Mortality rate was 0.10 (95% CI 0.06 – 0.02).
Conclusion: Nonoperative treatment for chylothorax after cardiothoracic procedures has significant hospital stay, morbidity, mortality, and reoperation rates.
Keywords: Chylothorax; Lymphatic System; Thoracic Duct; Thoracic Surgery; Morbidity; Reoperation; Cardiac Arrhythmias
Methods: A systematic review was conducted in PubMed®, Embase, Cochrane Library Central, and LILACS (Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde) databases; a manual search of references was also done. The inclusion criteria were patients who underwent cardiothoracic surgery, patients who received any nonoperative treatment (e.g., total parenteral nutrition, low-fat diet, medium chain triglycerides), and studies that evaluated chylothorax resolution, length of hospital stay, postoperative complications, infection, morbidity, and mortality.
Results: Twenty-two articles were selected. Pulmonary complications, infections, and arrhythmia were the most common complications after surgical procedures. The incidence of chylothorax in cardiothoracic surgery was 1.8% (95% CI 1.7 – 2%). The mean time of maintenance of the chest tube was 16.08 days (95% CI 12.54 – 19.63), and the length of hospital stay was 23.74 days (95% CI 16.08 – 31.42) in patients with chylothorax receiving nonoperative treatment. Among patients that received conservative treatment, the morbidity event was 0.40 (95% CI 0.23 – 0.59), and reoperation rate was 0.37 (95% CI 0.27 – 0.49). Mortality rate was 0.10 (95% CI 0.06 – 0.02).
Conclusion: Nonoperative treatment for chylothorax after cardiothoracic procedures has significant hospital stay, morbidity, mortality, and reoperation rates.
Keywords: Chylothorax; Lymphatic System; Thoracic Duct; Thoracic Surgery; Morbidity; Reoperation; Cardiac Arrhythmias
EDUCATIONAL FORUM
Reversed Potts Shunt as a Palliative Option for End-Stage Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Childhood
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 38;
e20220034
Publish in: 8/2/2025
HOW I DO IT
Use of Octopus™ Tissue Stabilizer for Minimal Manipulation Approach of Bronchial Anastomosis in Lung Transplant
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 38;
e20220413
Publish in: 8/2/2025
Bronchial anastomotic complications are a cause of grave concern for surgeons that perform lung transplantations. There are several risk factors that may lead to this complication, being inadequate surgical technique one of them, specifically regarding adequate exposure and manipulation of the bronchial stump and anastomosis. Here we report the use of Octopus™ Tissue Stabilizer as a mean to allow for a better exposure of the stump and facilitate a “no-touch” approach towards anastomosis. Systematic application of devices that facilitate the employment of the correct surgical techniques can have an effect in reducing the incidence of bronchial anastomotic complications.
Keywords: Coronary artery bypass; Cardiopulmonary bypass; Heart-lung machine; Hemodynamics; Lung transplantation; Treatment Outcome;
Keywords: Coronary artery bypass; Cardiopulmonary bypass; Heart-lung machine; Hemodynamics; Lung transplantation; Treatment Outcome;
CASE REPORT
Aggressive Management of a Bilateral Chylothorax Complicating an Orthotopic Heart-Kidney Transplantation
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 38;
e20230041
Publish in: 8/2/2025
Chylothorax after an orthotopic heart transplant is a rare but potentially detrimental occurrence. This is the first reported case of bilateral chylothorax complicating a heart-kidney transplant patient. No universally accepted protocol exists for the management of chylothorax in general population, let alone the immunocompromised transplant patient. This case presents unique challenges to the management of postoperative chylothorax given heart-kidney transplant’s effect on the patient’s volume status and immunocompromised state. We make the argument for aggressive treatment of chylothorax in an immunocompromised heart-kidney transplant patient to limit complications in a patient population predisposed to infection.
Keywords: Chylothorax; Kidney Transplantation; Kidney; Heart transplantation
Keywords: Chylothorax; Kidney Transplantation; Kidney; Heart transplantation
MULTIMEDIA
Ventricular Fibrillation Is a Sign of Life
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 38;
e20210428
Publish in: 8/2/2025
Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a deadly rhythm problem. With asystole, it represents one of the most extreme emergencies that may engage vital prognosis within only few minutes if appropriated treatment is not instituted. It is learned in all medical schools worldwide that VF is not compatible with consciousness and sustained life. Moreover, at 37°C, and without restauration of cardiac flow, VF may be responsible for severe and most often irreversible brain damage after 3 minutes.
Keywords: Biological Phenomena; Cardiovascular diseases; Physiological Phenomena; Ventricular Fibrillation
Keywords: Biological Phenomena; Cardiovascular diseases; Physiological Phenomena; Ventricular Fibrillation
LETTER TO THE EDITOR
Perfusionists: The Camouflaged Healthcare Professionals
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 38;
e20220474
Publish in: 8/2/2025
Infective Endocarditis: Controversies and Convictions in the Surgical Treatment
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 38;
e20230014
Publish in: 8/2/2025
Measurement of Changes in the Emotional State of Patients with Cardiac Diseases and Use of Cardiac Devices
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 38;
e20220460
Publish in: 8/2/2025
The Role of Three-Dimensional Printing in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery: Setting a Milestone in Peru
Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 38;
e20230089
Publish in: 8/2/2025